S-Line trail along Salt Lake City and South Salt Lake

Executive Summary

Achieving overall wellness is a public health goal that requires tackling physical and mental health challenges. These challenges include a lack of physical activity, social connectedness, health equity, and access to safe transportation and open space.

Arguably, Utahns need more physical activity. The shortage results in physical ailments and mental health challenges. Further, living in a car-centered community creates barriers for social connection and well-being. On top of these challenges is a lack of health equity. Health disparities exist statewide, such as poor nutrition, air pollution, and variability in open space access. Finally, the built environment in many communities does not safeguard vulnerable road users from unsafe driving. For instance, Utah has an alarming number of bicycle and pedestrian causalities, which creates a difficult environment for Utahns to go outside and be healthy.

This report is designed as a guide for community leaders. The Utah Foundation looks at two broad categories of policy solutions for this report. The first includes solutions that advance the physical, social, and mental health of individuals. (See the Solutions to Improve Wellness section on page 9.) The second set of solutions help protect individuals from dangers in their built environment. (See the Solutions to Improve the Built Environment section on page 23.)

When looking at policy solutions, communities might consider ensuring health impacts are evaluated in the policy decision-making process. A health-oriented approach is known as the Health-in-All-Policies framework. This includes hearing the community’s voice and tracking data for what specifically ails the community. Understanding what a community needs can help community leaders best serve their constituents.

Increasing physical activity and social connection can be tied to accessing outdoor recreation at parks, open spaces, and trail networks. About 55% of the residents live within a ten-minute walk to a park. Maximizing land use and planning events on these open spaces could be helpful in encouraging people to leave their homes and bring communities together. (See the Parks and Open Space section on page 11.) Zoning reforms are an option for increasing affordable housing, diversifying economic opportunities, and creating a landscape suited for active transportation and public transportation – all which can improve health. (See the Zoning section on page 19.)


Lodestone Park, Kearns

When looking at the safety of the built environment, Complete Streets policies offer community leaders a variety of potential benefits. These include increased active transportation, reduced obesity rates, improved sense of community, improved neighborhood safety, reduced stress, and reduced miles driven. (See the Complete Streets section on page 28.) Certain road calming techniques could increase road safety. (See the Road Calming section on page 32.) Additionally, increasing traffic enforcement could also be examined to improve road safety. (See the Enforcement, Laws, and Goals section on page 27.) For instance, photo radar could encourage safer driving, as Utah traffic tickets have decreased by 84% from 2000 to 2022. (See the Built Environment section on page 7.)

Building and maintaining trails for walking, rolling, and biking could get Utahns outside and moving in a safe way. (See the Bicycles and Trails section on page 3.)Active Transportation Plans can guide local governments to develop active transportation infrastructure and ensure better transportation options for all users of the road. (See the Active Transportation Plans section on page 32.)

The full list of policy solutions in this report are shown in the matrices on pages 10 and 24. The report also highlights policy solutions from other cities and towns which face similar challenges.

In the end, this is a lot. These challenges are big, interconnected, and multifaceted. No one report could cover it all. Hopefully after reading this report, community leaders will feel a bit more empowered to advance wellness and safety in their own communities.

Potential Healthy Community Projects and Policies – Table of Contents

Goal

Actors

Cost

Benefit

Page

Health-in-All-Policies Framework

11

Health impact assessment

Health/equity

Public

Mid

High

11

Health lens checklist

Health/equity

Public

Mid

High

11

Health-in-All-Policies Resolution

Health/equity

Public

Low

Mid

11

Parks and Open Space

11

Create more open space and parks

Health/access

Public

High

High

12

Increase access to parks

Health/access

Public

Mid

Mid

12

Increase park usage/programming

Health

Public

Mid

High

13

Schoolyards (and other spaces) as parks

Health/access

Public

Low

Mid

16

Zoning

19

Permit multi-unit buildings/mixed zoning

Access/equity

Public/private

Low

High

20

Encourage compact development near destinations

Access/mobility

Public

Low

High

21

Permit mixed zones with everyday destinations

Health/equity

Public/private

Low

Mid

21

Car Culture

22

Encourage developers build for all transit methods

Health/mobility

Public

Mid

Mid

22

Bicycles and Trails

23

Intrastate bike system

Safety/mobility

Public

High

High

25

1,000 miles of trails

Safety/mobility

Public

High

High

23

Maintaining and connecting trails

Safety/mobility

Public

High

High

25

Enforcement, Laws, and Goals

27

Expand use of photo radar

Safety/equity

Police/public

Mid

High

27

Enforcement and penalties

Safety

Police/public

Low

Mid

27

Complete Streets

28

Complete Streets policies

Safety

Public

Mid

High

29

The “Benefits of Complete Streets” tool

Mobility/safety

Public

Low

Mid

30

Active Transportation Plan

Mobility/health

Public/private

Mid

High

32

Road Calming Measures

32

Reducing speed limits/variable speed limits

Safety

Public

Low

High

34

Mid-block crossings

Safety

Public

Mid

Mid

35

Separated bike lanes

Safety

Public

High

High

36

Lane reduction (road diets)/on-street parking

Safety

Public

High

High

36

Roundabouts

Safety

Public

High

Mid

37

Economic Development

38

Walkable urban networks

Access/mobility

Public/private

High

High

39

Sidewalks along roads

Access

Public

Mid

High

39

Middle housing

Access

Public/private

High

High

39

Introduction

No policy is made in a vacuum. Accordingly, when looking at any policy, officials should consider the larger impact on health by consulting the affected communities and stakeholders. This is considered a Health-in-All-Policies approach. This integrated, collaborative approach considers health, sustainability, and equity in policies and actions that are made across sectors. To this end, governmental agencies should collaborate with the community to identify shared goals, harmonize activities, maximize resources, and invest in solutions that benefit all residents – while of course taking into account funding considerations and policy tradeoffs.1

This report explores the importance of operationalizing health in Utahn’s decision making as we seek to build healthier communities. It also outlines current barriers to outdoor physical activity and offers evidence-based recommendations and successful case studies. The report is a guide to walk community members and leaders through examples of what has helped other communities increase physical safety and security, physical activity, community cohesion, and overall community wellness. As there is no “one size fits all” approach to a healthy community, a Health-in-All-Policies approach can help to ensure that health is at the forefront of all decisions as cities and towns develop and grow in unique ways.  

Policy Highlights of this Report

  • Community leaders should consider centering health in policy-making and should consult with health professionals in their policy processes.
  • Since physical fitness, parks, and open space are so important for health and wellness, community leaders should consider ways to increase land use for physical activity and to help improve access and plan events in those spaces.
  • Cities and counties can evaluate zoning reforms to increase affordable housing, diversify economic opportunities, and create a landscape suited for active transportation and public transportation.
  • Building and maintaining trails for walking, rolling, and biking could get Utahns outside and moving in a safe way.
  • Using photo radar could encourage cars to follow laws that impact the safety of vulnerable users of the road.
  • Community leaders should consider implementing Complete Streets policies given the potential benefits, such as increased active transportation, reduced obesity rates, an improved sense of community, improved neighborhood safety, reduced stress, and reduced car usage.
  • Active Transportation Plans can guide local governments as they develop active transportation infrastructure and ensure better transportation options for all users of the road.

Report Structure 

This report is composed of two main policy solutions sections: Health & Wellness and the Built Environment. Each section seeks to find solutions to problems related to wellness: physical activity, mental health, social connectedness, health equity, and the built environment. The report highlights certain Utah-based interventions. Finally, the report includes a discussion of how communities can incorporate health in decision making. 

Healthy
Communities
Series

The Utah Foundation’s Healthy Communities series of reports explores policy options contributing to Utahns’ quality of life in an environment of increasing populations, increasing scarcity of open space, rising prices, food insecurity, and the need to create safer, more equitable streets and infrastructure. This series is part of the Utah Foundation’s Better Beehive Files.

The Problem

Wellness involves incorporating healthy habits into daily life to achieve improved physical and mental well-being, allowing an individual to thrive rather than merely survive.2 There are several dimensions of overall wellness: social connectedness, exercise, nutrition, sleep, and mindfulness.3 Each of these dimensions impact physical and mental health.

Attempting to achieve overall wellness means tackling physical and mental health challenges. A lack of physical activity and social connectedness exacerbates these challenges. In addition, health equity – both physical and mental – points to social problems for many Utahns. These issues all tie into how the built environment fails to provide active transportation or human-powered mobility. Activities like walking and biking are especially limited when roads and sidewalks are unsafe.4

Physical Activity  

A 2022 national survey shows that nearly 82% of Utah’s adult population self-reported as physically active outside of their regular job.5 The amount of physical activity recommended for adults is at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity activity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity activity per week.6 Only 55% of adult Utahns met this requirement.7 This matters because a lack of physical activity can lead to high blood pressure, heart disease, obesity, diabetes, anxiety, depression, poor bone health, and other chronic illnesses and diseases.8 Despite Utahns self-reporting as being active, the Utah Department of Health finds that 29% of adults and 11% of grade school children in Utah were considered obese in 2020.9 The trend projects that by 2050, 46% of Utahns will be obese.10

An estimated 9% of Utah high school students are considered obese, with boys being twice as likely to be obese than girls (13% compared to 6%).11 This may be due in part to a lack of physical activity. Only 18% of Utahns in grade 8, 10, and 12 are getting the recommended amount of physical activity, which is at least one hour of daily activity that increases their heart rate and makes them breathe faster.12 The percentage varies by area, with Central Utah students seeing the highest level of physical activity and Wasatch County students seeing the lowest. (See Figure 1.)

Only 18% of Utahns in 8th, 10th, and 12th grade are getting the recommended daily activity.
Figure 1: Recommended Physical Activity by Local Health District, 2019

Source: Utah’s Public Health Indicator Based Information System

Access to locations for physical activity is important. The 2023 County Health Rankings suggest that 84% of Utahns live near a park or recreation facility. However, that accessibility varies widely across Utah’s counties – from 12% to 98%.13 (See Figure 2.) Those who can easily access green space, such as parks and trails, tend to already be more physically active than those with less access.14

Accessibility to exercise varies by county, ranging from 12%–98% across the state.
Figure 2: Percentage of Utahns Living Close to a Park or Recreation Facility, by County, 2020 and 2022 Data

Source: The 2023 County Health Rankings

Physical inactivity costs an estimated $24.7 billion in direct health care expenditures and another $3.1 billion in reduced productivity in the U.S.15 When individuals who are considered inactive take part in physical activity, they can save an estimated $3 on annual healthcare costs for every mile they walk and about $0.75 for every mile they bike.16 Similarly, a North Carolina study found an estimated savings of $12.6 million over nine years in healthcare costs for obese transit riders using the state’s new light-rail system.17 These savings came from the physical benefits of walking to and from the train instead of driving directly to their destinations.

Mental Health and Social Connectedness 

Being active and participating in healthy activities outside of the home can foster a sense of community and social connectedness. Social connectedness is when an individual has relationships that create a sense of belonging and being cared for, supported, and valued.18 Studies show that a lack of social connection is worse for health than obesity, smoking, and high blood pressure.19

Commuting long distances hurts social ties and quality of life. Researchers who have studied the effects of commuting on wellbeing found that individuals with one-hour commutes report significantly lower wellbeing and feel the need to make more money to make up for their longer commutes.20 The social costs incurred by long commutes (45 minutes or more) might paradoxically outweigh the financial benefits of the jobs to which people are commuting. For example, studies show that people who have a long-distance commute are more likely to divorce (14%) than their counterparts with shorter commutes (10%).21

Further, walking boosts the production of endorphins that counteract stress, improve sleep, increase self-confidence, and reduce the symptoms of depression.22 Those who walk for more than 8.6 minutes a day are 33% more likely to report better mental health.23  

Increased physical activity could particularly benefit the approximately 31% of Utahns who report having an anxiety disorders or major depressive disorders.24 Utah consistently has higher death by suicide rates than the rest of the nation – ranking 6th in 2021.25 The Utah suicide rate is 20.1 per 100,000, compared to the national rate of 13.5.26 Further, the 2021 Utah Youth Risk Behavior Survey reported that in the 12-month period before the survey, 42% of high school students had felt sad or hopeless, 23% seriously considered suicide, 18% made a suicide plan, and 9% attempted suicide one or more times.27 There is a serious need for community connectedness and an increase in opportunities for healthy activities in Utah to combat anxiety, depression, and suicide. (If you or someone you know are considering suicide, please call the National Suicide and Crisis Lifeline by dialing 9-8-8 any time of day or night.)  

Social connection can lower levels of anxiety and depression and raise levels of self-esteem, empathy, and trust.28 Social connection can even increase immunity from illness and can increase the chances of a longer life.29 The social benefits of walking and walking-friendly environments include increased social interactions, development of social capital, and an increased feeling of safety.30 Community connections can grow from dog park friends, a community garden membership, trail-running partners, or simply seeing familiar faces while walking around the neighborhood or a shopping center.  

Utah State University’s Utah Wellbeing Project survey asked respondents to rate how connected they feel to their community.31 They found somewhat higher perceptions of community connectedness in rural and resort cities than in rapid growth, established, large, and mid-size cities.32 (See Figure 3 to compare select Utah cities and towns on this metric.)

Utahns from 33 cities across Utah provide insights to their own perception of wellbeing.
Figure 3: Perceived Community Connectedness, by City, 2022

Source: Utah State University

Health Equity

An important aspect of a Health-in-All-Policies approach is increasing health equity. The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation defines health equity as follows:

Everyone has a fair and just opportunity to be as healthy as possible. This requires removing obstacles to health such as poverty, discrimination, and their consequences, including powerlessness and lack of access to good jobs with fair pay, quality education and housing, safe environments, and health care.33

Or in other words, everyone has the right to live the healthiest life possible.

The Healthy People 2030 project suggests that to achieve health equity, every individual needs to be valued equally and community leaders need to prioritize efforts to address historical and current inequities and eliminate these disparities in health and health care.34 Achieving health equity requires acknowledging that these asymmetries exist. Health disparities are when there is a difference in health that is closely linked to economic, social, environmental, or geographic disadvantage.35 Health disparities are closely tied to health literacy and the social determinants of health, such as nutrition, air quality, and variability in open space access.36 Groups who are negatively affected by health disparities are typically those who have been historically underserved due to a lack of investment in their communities.37 These communities typically experience greater obstacles to health and health care due to factors such as religion, racial or ethnic group, gender, age, socioeconomic status, disability, gender identity, sexual identity, and age.38

A simple example of a health disparity is life expectancy. Zip codes correlate with life expectancy in Utah. For example, the average life expectancy in the Salt Lake City neighborhoods varies greatly. The average life expectancy for people living in the Avenues neighborhood is 87 years, while for people living downtown it is 76 years – even though these neighborhoods are adjacent.39 Life expectancy on the east side of Sandy is 82, while it is only 78 on the west side.40 The highest life expectancy in Utah is in the Avenues (87); the lowest is in South Salt Lake (74).41 These areas are only five miles apart, but due to differences in built environment, community, education, economic stability, and healthcare access and quality, residents’ life expectancies vary widely.

Life expectancy in Utah also differs based on demographic characteristics beyond locality.42 For example, life expectancy at birth has a nearly 12-year difference between Asian Utahns and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander Utahns.43
(See Figure 4.)

When looking at Utahns’ race and ethnicity, a disparity in life expectancy is clear.
Figure 4: Life Expectancy at Birth in Utah, 2014–2018

Source: Utah Department of Health

Another example of a disparity that has a direct link to health is the percentage of families living in poverty. The federal poverty level considers income and family size in its assessment of the financial resources available to households for meeting basic needs, such as food, housing, and health care, each of which greatly impacts health.44 Families living in rural Utah are more likely to be in poverty than families that live in urban centers. The poverty rate for rural Utahns is over 10%, compared with the 7% in urban Utah.45 Race is another indicator for this inequality. Rates of poverty for American Indian and Alaskan Native Utahns are 14% higher than for White, non-Hispanic Utahns.46 (See Figure 5.)

White Utahns are less likely to be in poverty than their neighbors.
Figure 5: Utahns Living in Poverty, 2021

Source: Utah Department of Health and Human Services

As with many other factors, poverty rates correlate with health inputs and outcomes.47 In terms of self-reported physical activity, rates vary greatly by race and ethnicity (see Figure 6).48 Hispanic/Latino Utahns report far lower activity levels than their counterparts.49

Adult Utahns report high levels of activity – but that varies by race and ethnicity.
Figure 6: Prevalence of Self-Reported Physical Activity Among Utah Adults by Race/Ethnicity, 2017–2020.

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Built Environment  

The built environment impacts the health and safety of all Utahns. The built environment can be described as the man-made or modified structures that serves a community with living, working, and recreational spaces.50 The built environment touches all aspects of an individual’s life. This report focuses on transportation systems, spaces for physical activity and enjoyment, and the surrounding buildings, and how these relate to safety, health, and everyday lives of Utahns.

In 2022, Utah hit a twenty-year high in bicycle casualties with 15 deaths and 49 serious injuries.51 That same year, Utah pedestrian deaths reached 53 along with 176 serious injuries.52 Nationally, one pedestrian was killed every 81 minutes in traffic crashes in 2020.53 There should be policy safeguards to help ensure that participating in health-promoting activities does not put one’s life at risk. The built environment can safeguard residents or leave them exposed as they travel to work, school, and other necessary travels.

As the COVID-19 pandemic spread, pedestrian and cyclist deaths grew. A few theories suggest explanations for this increase. One researcher posits that people were so saturated with fears of the virus that they ignored other hazards – such as speeding and dangerous driving.54 Also, with fewer drivers on the road, and the built environment not designed to slow down cars, cars sped up. Another researcher theorized that some people translated their anger and frustration with the virus into aggressive, anonymous driving; people acted in ways that they otherwise would not have.55 This is not to say that people intentionally killed pedestrians and cyclists, but anger coupled with anonymity and a lack of control in other areas of life lead to people driving faster and more aggressively than ever. For instance, in 2022, a striking 5,778 people were cited going over 100 miles per hour in Utah.56

Those speeds are deadly for anyone on the roadway, but the level of speed greatly increases fatality likelihood for pedestrians. If a pedestrian is hit by a car going 20 miles per hour, they have a 95% chance of living compared to only a chance of 20% at 40 mph.57 (See Figure 7.)

The speed of a car directly impacts how badly a pedestrian is hurt when they are hit.
Figure 7: Speed and Chance of Fatality

Source: America Walks

Another factor that could add to an increase in car crashes is a lack of enforcement. According to the Utah Courts Caseload Database, traffic citations decreased by 84% between 2000 and 2022.58 (See Figure 8.) This could be due in part to 2018 Utah legislation banning ticket quotas for officers.59 Additionally, since 2019 there has been a steady decline in law enforcement employment in the U.S. and Salt Lake County.60 In 2021, nearly 200 police departments across the nation were reportedly staffed at 93%; officers are being hired, but more are retiring and resigning.61 Further, fewer traffic stops have occurred as police are increasingly given more responsibilities and are “spread thin,” therefore often lacking the time for traffic stops.62

Police are giving less than one-fifth of the traffic tickets that they did in 2000.
Figure 8: Traffic Tickets per Year in Utah, 2000–2020



Source: Utah Courts Caseload Database 

Getting people outside and moving often requires a high level of convenience, safety, and security. For example, hard bicycling infrastructure (like separated bike lanes as opposed to painted bike lanes) significantly increases the number of cyclists on the road since more people, especially women, are willing to bike when it is safer.63 This suggests that with more laws and policies increasing safety, coupled with cities building hard infrastructure for active transportation, more people will participate in active transportation and ultimately be healthier.

A need for safety coupled with increased aggressive driving and fewer traffic stops show the need for improved infrastructure, increased enforcement, and new policies and laws that can help keep Utahns safe.  Policy solutions for the built environment will be discussed in the second half of this report.

Solutions to Improve Wellness  

Communities can make changes to improve their residents’ physical and mental health. In this section, we review strategies that communities have successfully implemented, both in Utah and other states. The strategies discussed in this report include adoption of a Health-in-All-Policies framework, with a focus on parks and open space, park programming, shared-use agreements, and zoning changes.

Community leaders across the state have numerous options for increasing physical activity, community cohesion, and overall community wellness.
Figure 9. Potential Healthy Community Projects and Policies

Goal

Actors

Cost

Benefit

Page

Health-in-All-Policies Framework

11

Health-in-All-Policies Task Force

Health/equity

Public

Mid

High

11

Health Impact Assessment

Health/equity

Public

Mid

High

11

Health Lens Checklist

Health/equity

Public

Mid

High

11

Health-in-All-Policies Resolution

Health/equity

Public

Low

Mid

11

Parks and Open Space

11

Create more open space and parks

Health/access

Public

High

High

12

Increase access to parks

Health/access

Public

Mid

Mid

12

Increase park programming

Health

Public

Mid

High

14

Make parks visually memorable with multiple uses

Safety/access

Public

Mid

Mid

15

Shared-use agreements – schoolyards as parks

Health/access

Public

Low

Mid

16

Zoning

19

Encourage compact development near destinations

Access/mobility

Public

Low

High

19

Inclusionary zoning with affordable housing

Access/equity

Public/private

Mid

Mid

Permit multi-unit buildings/mixed zoning

Access/equity

Public/private

Low

High

20

Permit urban agriculture/other live work

Health/equity

Public/private

Low

Mid

21

Encourage developers to not build for cars

Health/mobility

Public

Mid

Mid

22



Health-in-All-Policies Funding and Projects

Incorporating a Health-in-All-Policies framework in cities and towns is key to success. However, many community leaders do not have expertise in health and do not always consider how cross-sector policies can impact health. The Health-in-All-Policies framework can help cities and towns build new bridges with other sectors, create a space for collaboration, and increase understanding of every sector’s impact on health. Get Healthy Utah provided mini-grants during 2022-23 to pilot Health-in-All-Policies projects in three Utah cities: Millcreek, West Valley, and Manti.64

Millcreek’s Health-in-All-Policies project focused on conducting a Health Impact Assessment to inform updates to their zoning and subdivision ordinances. The Promise Program and Planning Department worked together to identify priority areas for the assessment, which included access to healthy food, walkability, and livable neighborhoods. The city surveyed residents at the Bud Bailey apartment complex to elevate the voices of Millcreek residents with higher health disparities. Millcreek partnered with Get Healthy Utah, Salt Lake County Health Department, public health students from Brigham Young University, and urban planning students from the University of Utah for this project.

West Valley City’s Health-in-All-Policies project focused on creating a health lens checklist for the city to use when any new policies, proposals, or programs are being considered. A coalition created a Health-in-All-Policies task force to create the health lens checklist, provided public health 101 training for city staff, and drafted a resolution to adopt a Health-in-All-Policies framework within the city. West Valley partnered with Get Healthy Utah, the Healthy West Valley coalition, and the Salt Lake County Health Department.

Manti City adopted a Health-in-All-Policies resolution to implement a Health-in-All-Policies approach to decision-making across all sectors: housing, public safety, education, parks and recreation, air and water quality, criminal justice, and economic development. This framework has the potential to change how community leaders in Manti develop and implement policies. Manti is focusing their efforts on constructing a new walking path, — a great tool to promote physical activity and increase pedestrian safety.

Parks and Open Space

Access to parks and trails provides many health benefits. These include providing space for physical activity, reducing stress, improving mental health, increasing social interactions, and providing connections to nature.65 Parks can reduce flooding, mudslides, and wildfires by retaining water or by creating a barrier to protect nearby housing or commercial space. They can also reduce heat islands with their tree canopies and greenery.66 Notably, parks and trails also bring communities together through programming such as community events, sports, and public health programs. 67

“Great public parks would function as the ‘lungs of the city’—green open spaces where city dwellers could breathe in clean air.”

–Fredrick Law Olmsted, superintendent of Central Park in New York in 185767

Utahns want more parks and open spaces. The State’s Guiding our Growth initiative is looking to understand what Utahns want. One of the top answers is, “To invest in and plan for more parks, recreation, active transportation, and trails.”68 The Utah Foundation’s own Quality of Life series finds that parks and recreation is a high priority for Utahns.69 Utah communities can invest in increasing access to parks, trails, and other open spaces, either by building more or by increasing access to existing options.

There are several suggestions regarding how close people should live to parks to maximize wellness. The World Health Organization and the National Park Service suggests that urban dwellers should live within a half-mile walk to a park or greenspace.70 The Trust for Public Land analyzes data by the percent of residents who live within a ten-minute walk of a park, which is the equivalent of about a half mile walk for an able bodied adult.71 One-in-three U.S. residents do not live within a ten-minute walk of a park or open space in urban and rural communities.72 The percentage is even worse for the 100 largest cities in America – 45%. Many Utah cities are better than that average, though the differences among cities are stark. For instance, 80% or more of the residents of Salt Lake City and American Fork live near parks, while only 25% or fewer residents of Holladay and Cedar City do.73 (See Figure 9 for these percentages in Utah cities with over 30,000 residents and Appendix A for smaller cities and towns.)

The percentage of residents within a ten-minute walk of a park varies greatly across Utah.
Figure 9: Park Score – Percentage of Utahns Living within a Ten-Minute Walk of a Park


Source: The Trust for Public Land

Cities and towns have several options to increase park access without building more parks. Since cycling is about four-times faster than walking, having good bicycle facilities and infrastructure extends park access distance considerably.74 Therefore, more people can easily access parks with safe bike infrastructure, as well as providing good public transit and adding multiple entrances to parks so residents do not have to walk as far to reach park amenities.75 Transit agencies and city planners should consider these options, as part of a Health-in-All-Policies approach, in their planning and development criteria.

In cities and towns where building more parks and green space seems infeasible, a solution could be maximizing yard-sizes for low-income families. Researchers have shown that yard-size around a child’s home is positively associated with their physical activity later in life.76 Private and semi-private yards around apartments and condos reap the same benefits as private and semi-private yards around single-family homes.77

(See the Utah Foundation’s Advancing Open Spaces report from this series for a more in-depth discussion of parks and greenspace.)


Fairmont Park, Salt Lake City

Increasing Park Usage

Utah communities can increase community members’ time at parks through park design and programming. As discussed above, getting people outside and interacting with their community increases health and wellness. In a 2017 Envision Utah survey, respondents were asked to think about the things that their local community or public policy maker could do to influence their health in a positive way. A top answer was to “increase the availability of affordable or free recreational opportunities for physical activity.”78 In fact, about 38% of respondents said that this would have a good amount of impact and another 49% said this was one of the most impactful/influential things (87% total). While the addition or revitalization of park land is only one step toward local governments creating healthier and safer communities, encouraging park utilization is perhaps just as important.

Utah Foundation Staff’s Favorite Park Amenities

“Growing up I loved 5Ks and movie nights at the park. Now my favorite park amenity is a well-maintained walking path.” –Ashley Marshall

“Monkey bars: my kid was like a monkey when she was little. When I was a kid, it was a merry-go-round. Right now, it has got to be dog parks.” –Shawn Teigen

“Trees.” –Christopher Collard

“I require no amenities. I require my son to have amenities near a large patch of grass where I can sit and relax.” -John Salevurakis

“Grass and shady trees for painting and people watching.” –Marguerite Spaethling

“Either an open field or pickleball courts.” –Joseph Wirthlin

Programming, or scheduled activities, can help parks be successful. Researchers at Utah State University, the University of Utah, and the University of Connecticut conducted a small study by observing 30 neighborhood parks at various times of day, on weekdays, and over weekends in Salt Lake County in the fall of 2017. The researchers found that parks were empty 26% of the time.79 Parks were more populated in the afternoons, in neighborhoods with high-incomes, and in neighborhoods with higher population density and with mixed land uses. Parks with playgrounds and good maintenance were also used more.80 Parks that attract more users have tailored facilities such as well-maintained playgrounds and trails with shade, and the busier parks had organized activities such as sports and community events.81 There were more men at the parks than women and more adults than children; women were more likely to visit parks in the afternoon than in morning hours.82 Children were more likely to visit parks in the afternoons with organized activities and good maintenance; seniors were more likely to visit parks with organized activities, good maintenance, and in more walkable neighborhoods.83 This research shows that putting extra maintenance and amenities into parks seems to increase use which in turn would benefit the health and wellness of the communities.

Park amenities that supported organized activities saw some of the highest use. Soccer and football fields, playgrounds, and lawns had the largest number of users.84 Picnic areas, playgrounds, and skateboarding areas had the highest density of users. Baseball fields and water features were not popular during the study in either number or density of users; however, this could be due to the researchers analyzing the park in the fall instead of spring or summer.85 This research highlights the role of programming in encouraging people to parks. Getting people outside and interacting with their community increases health and wellness, as previously discussed.


Storm Mountain Park, Sandy

According to researchers, successful parks are memorable and unique, accommodate many uses, and are highly accessible.86 Parks can be visually memorable and distinct by using natural features of the area and not just turf; in other words, parks should be “Instagram worthy.”87 Parks can offer, for example, work-out equipment and gardens to accommodate a variety of uses. Finally, parks should be accessible on foot and by bike with multiple park entrances, perhaps linked to people and a variety of areas by trails – and not simply surrounded by single-family homes.

Naturally, big parks and facilities do not guarantee usage, but programming that is directed toward user groups is shown to attract park goers. Successful park programming is tailored to what the surrounding community actually wants and needs. Community leaders should listen to their community to find out what activities would bring people together and then implement those activities.

Quality of Life and Wellness

The Utah Foundation Quality of Life Index shows that Utahns place high value on their natural surroundings and access to parks and recreation. In fact, “the availability of good parks, green spaces, or places for recreation” is one of only four of the Index’s 20 factors that have been deemed a “success” in terms of importance and performance since the survey began in 2011.89 Further, when survey respondents asked what would improve for their quality of life, people very often referred to open space, such as wanting “more parks.”90

Mirroring the Utah’s Foundation’s Quality of Life approach, the Utah Wellbeing Project looks at ten factors related to overall well-being.
91 The Project survey found that Utahns’ highest rated and most important factors in 2022 were mental health, physical health, living standards, and safety & security.92 These factors can be supported by a Health-in-All-Policies approach to wellness and the built environment.

Schoolyards (and Other Spaces) as Parks

Shared-use or community-use agreements allow for access to existing facilities, defining the terms for sharing the risk and cost associated with sharing the property and amenities.88 This allows for underutilized properties, such as school yards, community centers, churches, colleges, libraries, or other similar public or private entities to grant use of their property before or after hours of operation. Shared-use agreements can be formal or informal based on a community’s needs.


North accross Springfield High School football field. Credit: Wikipedia User An Errant Knight under license (CC BY-SA 4.0)

In Utah, schools are considered civic centers; as long as the activity organizer using school facilities lives within the school’s geographic boundary and do not interfere with school activities, they can use the facilities.93 However, this code is vague and school districts have their own say on whether individuals are able to use the school yards or if access is limited to organizations with a shared-use agreement. Shared-use agreements often take the form of rental agreements. An example of a shared use agreement would be a girl scout troop using a school gymnasium or a little league using the green space outside of a community center.

Finding additional uses to underutilized land does not work as well if the schoolyard, church yard, or community center has only a paved black top or too large a proportion of black top. Swapping trees, gardens, green spaces, and updated playground equipment could increase the desire to use this area for a variety of uses.

The greening of schoolyards has other benefits as well. It has been shown to improve students’ attendance, behavior, and test scores.94 Additionally, replacing black top with trees and greenspace enables better absorption of stormwater to mitigate flooding and cools the area during hot weather.95 A study by the Trust of Public Land found that 36% of public-school students nationwide attended school on a “heat island,” which is 1.25 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than the surrounding city or town.96 Among those students, 4.1 million students attended school in a severe heat island of seven degrees hotter than the surrounding area and 1.1 million attended school in an extreme heat island of 10 degrees hotter than the surrounding city or town.97 Adding trees and green space would help cool down these heat islands; using indigenous plants would mitigate excess water usage and encourage native flora and fauna growth.

An additional use of schoolyards – as well as church lands and other underused space – is community gardens. Shared-use agreements can be created for community members to be able to use these spaces to garden. Increasing urban agriculture could mitigate issues like food deserts and heat islands at the same time.98



Charlie Comella Community Garden. Credit: Flickr User Jeff Schuler under license (CC BY 2.0)

Churches and other private organizations that are only used a few times a week present an incredible opportunity to serve the local community around them. Although city officials have little control over what schools, churches, and other places with green spaces do with their land, community officials can work to create an environment of collaboration and community gathering that encourages the better use of all land for the wellness of the community.

Community Programing in Sandy City

The Utah Foundation found, in discussions with city officials, Sandy City exemplifies a municipality working hard to encourage community connection and engagement in city events. The city focuses upon enhancing city events and encouraging more civic engagement.99 Sandy Events Manager Katie Atkinson feels strongly about gathering her community using creative programming to get people into parks stating:

“I think we all felt during the pandemic what an integral role our community events add to quality of life. I look forward to finding new ways to highlight our parks, resources, businesses, and citizens in a way to create opportunities in gathering our community.”

Community leaders with this kind of mindset can help make the most out of parks and community spaces. Sandy provides a variety of events and publishes all city events on its website to help residents to find the events. Some of the events Sandy City is hosting this year include:

Each city and town should assess which events and activities will most effectively bring their residents together and make use of available open space while simultaneously yielding positive health outcomes.

Zoning 

County Health Rankings shows that zoning regulation and land use policy reforms are evidence-based ways to support community health and wellness.101 This includes increasing homeownership, increasing pedestrian mobility and safety, increasing food security, and accommodating diverse employment opportunities.102 All of these improvements work together to benefit Utahn’s health.

Zoning regulations that maximize Utahns’ affordable housing options are key as the state’s population continues to grow and more than half of Utahns are unable to afford a median-priced home.103 These reforms can look at promoting compact development with mixed-use, higher-density areas and building taller buildings.104 Additionally, compact development is shown to increase physical activity, use of active transportation, pedestrian feelings of safety, sense of community, social capital, and health benefits. It is shown to decrease social isolation, transportation costs, and household energy use.105 Zoning reforms with a Health-in-All-Policies approach could help incentivize higher-density, multi-family housing.

The Utah Foundation has written extensively on housing affordability. In the recent Middle Housing Study’s survey, most respondents (60%) support more affordable housing options in their neighborhoods, with 38% strongly supporting more options.106 They are particularly amenable when the housing is in similar scale or appearance to single-family homes as opposed to large and often visually dominating apartment buildings. Affordable housing leaves more resources for health care and healthy food, which results in better health outcomes and better mental health outcomes.107

Example of a triplex that has the appearance of a single famliy home.

Local policymakers might consider reducing their parking requirements for new developments. Parking requirements can be an impediment to affordability by increasing construction costs, which results in increasing rents.108 Beyond affordability, large parking lots create barriers for walkability. It is important for local policymakers to take a hard look at their parking needs to discover whether the requirements suit actual needs and whether the payoffs in terms of driver convenience are worth the tradeoffs in housing affordability.

Permitting multi-unit buildings in all districts and permitting varying unit sizes within mixed-use buildings are additional ways to create affordable housing.109 As family sizes grow and shrink and as budgets change, families would be able to stay in their communities as they go through different seasons of their lives, such as having children, getting new jobs, seeing kids moving out, or losing their jobs. Varied unit sizes are more likely to allow people to stay in their communities regardless of income and family size. Additionally, with mixed-use zoning, walkability is increased due to the higher density of buildings and locations to which individuals can travel.


Missing Middle Housing term created by Daniel Parolek/Image © Opticos Design, Inc./For more info visit www.missingmiddlehousing.com.

County Health Rankings recommends that cities partner with developers to make developments more sustainable and to make communities built around people and places rather than cars.110 Zoning reforms can include codes which specify criteria for sustainable design.111 This looks like creating proximity to everyday destinations, like grocery stores and schools, via active transportation networks.112 This benefits individuals who are unable to drive or afford their own car, which limits their access to amenities and economic opportunities. Further, compact development can reduce vehicle miles traveled and therefore the air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.

These everyday destinations can be in mixed areas. Permitting mixed zoning allows for diverse economic activities by allowing people to make money from their homes. Specifically permitting live-work units and small-scale daycares could benefit residents.113 Allowing urban agriculture, fruit trees, and farm stands for food grown-on-site benefits communities economically and provides sources of fresh food in food deserts.114 (See the third release of Utah Foundation’s Healthy Communities series for a more robust discussion on food security.)

Zoning should focus on health and community needs while attempting to respond to future needs. For example, in communities with a lack of walking and active transportation, housing policies that can increase street activities should be a focus. In communities in food deserts, increasing access and food growth should be a focus. In communities with traffic fatalities, preventative infrastructure and policies should be a focus. These problems are all interconnected. The goal is to find out how communities would define successful solutions and work toward implementing those solutions.

As communities develop and change, the concern of gentrification and residents getting priced out of their own neighborhoods rises. Communities should seek to address inequities that can accompany zoning and other major land use changes.115 However, a more detailed discussion of gentrification is outside the scope of this report.

Car Culture

The healthy choice should not be the hard choice. Transportations options should be available so that residents are not required to have a car-centered lifestyle. Utah urban planning has long been car-centered, forcing Utahns to use only one main mode of transportation. With public transportation and active transportation options, Utahns are able to make their own decisions and have the freedom to choose how they get around.

According to U.S. Census data from 2021, 66% of Utahns drove to work alone and 9% carpooled, while only 1% used public transportation, 2% walked, and under 1% biked. About 20% of the workforce worked from home and therefore did not have a commute.116 (See Figure 10.) Having 75% of a workforce commuting by car highlights that Utah is car-centric – not fully supporting other modes of transportation. Supporting Utah’s existing transit network along the Wasatch Front and establishing connections between active transportation and transit presents a remarkable opportunity to develop multimodal systems and discourage car dependency.

About two-thirds of Utahns commute to work by driving alone.
Figure 10: Utahns Commute to Work, 2021

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

In car dependent communities, households spend approximately 50% more on travel related costs than households in communities with better bicycle and pedestrian facilities – or an average of $3,000 extra per year.117 Along the Wasatch Front, about 20% of work commutes are within three miles of home.118 This would be a reasonable bike ride for most Utahns and an incredible way to increase the amount of physical activity these Utahns get in a day, saving on fuel costs at the same time.

Active transportation and public transportation are not just alternatives to driving – they are many people’s only option. Utahns over 75 years old comprise over 4% of the population, Utahns under 16 years old are 23% of the population, and Utahns under the age of 65 with a disability are 7%.119 Many of these populations are not counted in the workforce shown in Figure 10, but they should not to be forgotten during transportation planning. Transportation networks need to accommodate the needs of all users and not just augment the transportation options for the young, able-bodied Utahns with access to cars.

“If you plan cities for cars and traffic, you get cars and traffic. If you plan for people and places, you get people and places.”
-Fred Kent, Project for Public Spaces120

Solutions to Improve the Built Environment

There are numerous potential solutions to the road safety and health issues discussed above. The solutions discussed in this report include the following: bicycles and trails; enforcement, laws, and goals; Complete Streets; and other road calming measures.  

Community leaders have numerous options for increasing physical safety and security, physical activity, equity, and accessible communities.
Figure 11. Potential Healthy Community Projects and Policies

Goal

Actors

Cost

Benefit

Page

Bicycles and Trails

23

1,000 miles of trails

Safety/mobility

Public

High

High

23

Maintaining and connecting trails

Safety/mobility

Public

High

High

25

Intrastate bike system

Safety/mobility

Public

High

High

25

Bike gardens & bike safety programs

Safety/
education

Private

Low

Mid

26

Enforcement, Laws, and Goals

26

Expand use of photo radar

Safety/equity

Police/public

Mid

High

27

Enforcement and penalties*

Safety

Police/public

Low

Mid

27

Complete Streets

28

Complete Streets committees/taskforces

Safety

Public

Mid

High

29

The “Benefits of Complete Streets” tool

Mobility/safety

Public

Low

Mid

29

Active Transportation Plan

Mobility/health

Public/private

Mid

High

32

Walkability Action Institute Training

Equity/mobility

Public

Low

Mid

32

Road Calming Measures

32

Leading pedestrian intervals

Safety

Public

Low

Mid

34

Eliminate center lines on neighborhood roads

Safety

Public

Low

Mid

34

Reducing speed limits/variable speed limits

Safety

Public

Low

High

34

Mid-block crossings

Safety

Public

Mid

Mid

35

Additional street lighting

Safety

Public

Mid

High

35

Separated bike lanes

Safety

Public

High

High

36

Lane narrowing (road diets)/on-street parking

Safety

Public

High

High

36

Park strips with greenery

Safety

Public

High

Mid

36

Curb extenders

Safety

Public

High

Mid

36

Roundabouts

Safety

Public

High

Mid

37

Economic Development

38

Walkable Urban Networks

Access/mobility

Public/private

High

High

39

Sidewalks along roads

Access

Public

Mid

High

39

Middle Housing

Access

Public/private

High

High

39

* Enforce Three-Foot Law and additional penalties for speeding and distracted driving.

Bicycles and Trails  

A 2017 Envision Utah survey asked respondents to think about the things that their local community could do to influence their health in a positive way.121 A top answer was to “promote safe walking and biking in neighborhoods and communities.” About 45% of respondents said that this would have a good amount of impact, and another 40% said this was one of the most impactful/influential things (85% total). 

Many policy solutions are in the works to address road safety issues. The League of American Bicyclists ranked Utah as the 10th most bicycle friendly state in 2022.122 This is specifically due to passing laws like the Three Foot Law, crafting a statewide bike plan, spending 2% or more of federal funding on biking and walking, and having an emphasis on bike safety.123  In 2017, Governor Gary Herbert announced an initiative to create 1,000 miles of family-friendly bike paths, trails, and lanes by 2027.124 As of 2022, 644 miles have been completed.125  


Separated dedicated bike lanes running along 900 South in Salt Lake City

In 2023, Governor Spencer Cox announced plans to create an intrastate trail system that would “connect Utahns of all ages and abilities to their destinations and communities throughout the state.”126 The Governor’s “vision will be a sustainable contribution to the quality of life for Utahns and visitors for generations to come.”127 The Utah Legislature then passed a bill for ongoing trails funding as a percentage of overall transportation funding – starting at $45 million in 2024 – as well as $45 million in one-time support to connect and maintain paved trails around the state.128

With these funds, the Utah Department of Transportation plans to improve Utah’s trail system to increase the number of car-free trails that commuters can use for traveling across cities and even counties – much like the U.S. interstate highway system. This could increase the number of people participating in active transportation and outdoor physical recreation, such as walking, biking, and running for daily commutes, fun, and exercise. Traveling on car-free trails is safer and less stressful than riding alongside automobiles.

“At some point in the future, we’ll be able to get from anywhere in Utah to anywhere else without having to get onto a roadway to accomplish that and to do so safely in a way that brings people together.”
-Governor Cox129

Educating youth on how to be safe travelers when using active transportation is very important. One way to do this is by using Traffic Gardens which are small-scale models of streets that are painted onto a paved surface that can allow kids to practice following traffic patterns in a safe, gamified environment.130 Bike rodeos can be held to teach the importance of bike safety and the skills kids need to bike safely. Utah Emergency Medical Services for Children and the Highway Safety Office have two bike rodeo trailers that contain all of the equipment for conducting a bike rodeo at no cost to the users.131 Bike Utah has a Bicycle Education and Safety Training program where they educate over 3,000 Utah kids a year on how to safely and confidently travel in their community via bicycle.132 These programs not only encourage kids to participate in active transportation, but also create drivers who are more aware of vulnerable users of the road.

Spotlight on the Murdock Canal Trail 

The Murdock Canal provides water from the Provo River for irrigation in Northern Utah County. Since it was built in the early 1900s, the Murdock Canal has claimed several lives and damaged property due to flooding.133 In 2013, the canal was enclosed in a large steel pipe and the Murdock Canal Trail was built on top of the canal.134 

This 17-mile trail connects several communities in Utah County. There are six parks along the trail with rest stops and picnic areas. An estimated 19% of the trail users are commuters and 51% of the trail users are cyclists.135 The majority of the users (86%) live within two miles of the trail.136 This “Crown Jewel” of the county trail system is a perfect example of community leaders taking a dangerous, underutilized area and transforming it into a successful, health-promoting trail.137

The Murdock Canal is part of one of six parts of the Golden Spoke Route, which is 170 miles of continuous multiuse trails from Ogden to Provo.138 Increasing the number of trails in Utah and connecting those trails are key to a functional, convenient, and safe active transportation network.

Enforcement, Laws, and Goals  

Passing and enforcing laws to increase the safety of active transportation can encourage more residents to embrace active transportation as a viable option. One example of a successful active transportation law is the above-mentioned Three Foot Law. This law stipulates that cars cannot be closer than three feet to a cyclist, pedestrian, skateboarder, moped, wheelchair, and other similarly vulnerable modes of transportation.139 The Three Foot Law passed with ease and became law in Utah in 2013.140 While the penalty for breaking the Three Foot Law is a class C misdemeanor, laws like this are only effective if they are enforced.141 Due in part to a decrease in traffic policing, traffic laws like the Three Foot Law are being enforced at a low rate. If laws are not enforced, then this law is ultimately useful only as an educational campaign.

Similarly, ticketing more speeding drivers would slow down traffic. Roughly a quarter of the U.S. population is stopped every year for traffic stops.142 However, these stops are sometimes seen as dangerous from the points of view of police and residents alike. A 2022 study found that respondents viewed photo radar – or using cameras for traffic enforcement – as a better way to ensure that traffic laws are upheld, while reducing the potential for racial profiling and minimizing potentially violent encounters between the police and the public.143 In Utah, photo radar can be used in reduced speed school zones, in an area with a speed limit of 20 mph or less, or on a highway if a sign is posted stating that photo radar might be used.144 Using photo radar more could slow down drivers and reduce car crashes.

As was discussed during the 2022 Utah Legislature’s interim session, state code could expand the applicability of photo radar and local municipalities could consider increasing the use of photo radar under existing law. As long as cameras are not disproportionately located in low-income neighborhoods or communities of color, then using photo radar could be an equitable way to enforce traffic laws and increase public safety without burdening law enforcement.145 

Communities could automate enforcement of other laws to promote active transportation. In 2022, the New York State Senate passed a bill to establish cameras that automatically ticket cars that block bike lanes, in the hopes of creating safer streets for cyclists.146 New York City already has cameras on buses that ticket cars for blocking the bus lane.147 Applied in Utah, these measures could reduce interactions with police officers, reduce officer work load, and increase safety on streets for those using active transportation.148 Adding cameras to Utah intersections could help decrease the number of automobiles running red lights and speeding, as well as potentially ticketing for Three Foot Law violations and other traffic violations – all fortifying pedestrian and bicycle safety. Again, without enforcement, these types of laws are useless except as educational tools.

Utah legislators recently passed speeding amendments that increased fines for driving over 100 miles per hour and made driving over 105 miles per hour a class B misdemeanor.149 Another law aimed at increasing road safety makes it illegal to use a phone while driving, with the exception of a hands-free device.150 A bill introduced in the 2022 legislative session would have established even stricter consequences for distracted driving.151 However, similar to the Three Foot Law, without enforcement, speeding and distracted driving will continue to be a safety issue. Speeding was a factor in 29% of U.S. traffic fatalities in 2020, attributing to 10,136 deaths nationwide.152 Distracted driving was a factor in 8% of traffic fatalities that same year.153  

In response to an increase in traffic fatalities, Salt Lake City Mayor Erin Mendenhall committed the city to Vision Zero.154 Much like the Utah Department of Transportation’s Zero Fatalities goal, Vision Zero is an approach that believes that “everyone has the right to move safely in their communities, and that system designers and policy makers share the responsibility to ensure safe systems for travel.”155 Sometimes mistakes happen on a road, but roadways should be designed so that the mistakes reduce the likelihood of severe injuries and fatalities. The Vision Zero approach does not accept that any fatalities should happen. In Salt Lake City’s adoption of the Vision Zero approach, the city leaders and planners will be expected to prioritize health and safety in designing the built environment.

Complete Streets 

Designing community roadways with the Complete Streets approach increases safe usage of roads for pedestrians, bicyclists, equestrians, other vulnerable road users, and drivers.156 An ancillary goal is to emphasize investment in neighborhoods and communities that have historically experienced underinvestment. This approach looks at each individual street with a lens toward redesigning them in a way that includes sidewalks, special bus lanes, bike infrastructure, accessible public transportation stops, frequent and safe crosswalks, median islands, accessible pedestrian signals, curb extensions, roundabouts, narrower travel lanes, and similar hard infrastructure that slow down car traffic and give more space for active transportation and public transit.157

Complete streets can includes sidewalks, bus lanes, bike infrastrucure, accessible public transit, safe crosswalks, curb extentions, and others.
Figure 12: Example of a Complete Streets Design from 200 South in Salt Lake City

Source: Salt Lake City

County Health Rankings concludes that Complete Streets policies “have been tested in many robust studies with consistently positive results.”158 Potential benefits of Complete Streets are increased active transportation, reduced obesity rates, an improved sense of community, improved neighborhood safety, reduced stress, and reduced car miles driven.159 Strategies for Complete Streets range from short-term wins with no-cost to low-cost strategies, to long-term investments which can be expensive.

Each city and town in Utah should consider developing Complete Streets plans to increase roadway safety. The needs of users depend on context, and Complete Streets plans will look different depending on the setting, from rural to suburban to urban. Salt Lake City, Salt Lake County, Park City, St. George, the Utah Department of Transportation, and Wasatch Front Regional Council have all adopted Complete Streets policies.160

In Salt Lake City, Mayor Ralph Becker signed an ordinance in 2010 that required the accommodation of pedestrians and cyclists, unless the cost is disproportionate to the need, whenever a street is built or repaved.161 A Complete Streets Committee was made to oversee this process.

In Southern Utah, St. George incorporated Complete Streets policies in 2021. They explain their Complete Streets focus with the following:

Walking and bicycling are not niche activities or sports, but rather should be integral pieces of transportation and recreation systems and strategies, allowing St. George residents and visitors to enjoy increased mobility and independence, increased property values, improved health, a safer walking and bicycling environment, and, in general, better quality of life. A city designed to safely and naturally allow everyone to experience these benefits, from an eight-year-old walking to school to an eighty-year-old wanting to visit friends or family, or buy groceries, is a successful city.162

St. George’s Active Transportation Plan analyzed areas that needed improvement.
Figure 13: Crashes Involving Cyclists and Pedestrians Between 2010–2016
* Grade, blind curve, etc.
Source: St. George

Pedestrians

Bicycles

All crashes

91

137

Fatal crashes

4

1

Circumstances

When dark

27%

10%

At intersection

62%

72%

Road geometry*

13%

25%

Crash hotspots

Sunset Blvd

Bluff St

St. George Blvd

St. George Blvd

Bluff St

River Rd

Near Utah Tech

700 South


Smart Growth America and the Center for Disease Control and increased an interactive, web-based Benefits of Complete Streets Tool to measure health, safety, environment, and economy improvements – with a focus on equity.163 The tool enables users to input data about a proposed or existing Complete Streets project. Once the user enters data, the tool produces quantified benefits of the project, such as cycling’s positive air quality impacts or the impact of automobile speed reduction on rates of diabetes and depression.164 These data help community leaders showcase the benefits of project-level interventions to their communities in an understandable and tangible way.

Complete Streets in Rural Communities  

Every road, city, and town is different, but every community has a need to keep their residents safe. Rural towns face unique challenges in creating safe roads for their communities, but the Complete Streets and the Health-in-All-Policies approaches remain the same.

A common challenge that rural towns face is that many have main streets that double as highways through town. Many of these main streets prioritize through-traffic over local traffic and some through-traffic vehicles do not sufficiently slowdown from highway speeds.165 This creates a dangerous environment for pedestrians, cyclists, horseback riders, and other vulnerable roadway users.

Quality of Life and the Built Environment

Many respondents to the Utah Foundation’s 2022 Quality of Life survey were concerned about the built environment. One Utahn summed up many respondents comments by noting the need for “more pedestrian friendly, safer, walkable streets, with actual sidewalks, more crosswalks with safety lights and signs, more bike lanes, more posted speed limits and speed bumps to slow traffic through neighborhoods.”166 Parking, road conditions, and infrastructure were major concerns of 10% of respondents. Another 10% were concerned about the attractiveness of the built environment and 7% were concerned with improving and building more parks and community spaces.167 Other respondents’ top concerns were traffic (9%) and transit (6%).168

The 2022 Quality of Life series pointed toward four key areas of focus for improving quality of life. These are: 

  • A need for promoting the production of quality, affordable housing and for finding other ways to reduce the cost of living. 
  • Investing in the built environment and enhancing land use policies to promote attractive, high-quality developments and streetscapes that are pedestrian friendly and include key amenities. 
  • Building on policies and programs aimed at improving air quality. 
  • Investing in transportation and transit infrastructure to reduce traffic and improve the quality of roads and highways. 
Each of these could use a Health-in-All-Policies approach by Utah’s municipalities looking to increase their residents’ quality of life.

The rural town of Bluff, Utah takes an innovative approach to increasing safety on its dual-purpose main street and highway. Bluff mitigates the dangerous high speeds of their center street, which is Highway 191, by creating walking areas behind the commercial buildings. This directs walking traffic to a shielded area and could increase patronage to the store fronts along the downtown area.

Bluff created an Active Transportation Advisory Committee in August 2022 to explore opportunities like creating Active Transportation Plans, safe streets, planning grants, and reconnecting communities.169 The town is working with Bike Utah to host community workshops to hear community voices and garner broad stakeholder feedback. This is a great example of a community that is creating active transportation routes to destination-based facilities, like grocery stores or schools, so that residents can bike or walk to the places they regularly visit.

Bike Utah is encouraging towns to think about multimodal supportive, rather than car-centric land uses. Multimodal supportive land uses are those that create a safe, comfortable, convenient, and interesting environment for active transportation.170 Communities should be creative and thoughtful as they explore new ideas to make their towns more friendly for active transportation.

The physical constraints of rural terrain pose another challenge for rural communities as they look to implement facilities for walking and biking. Rural communities must often balance farmlands, desert, mountains, canyons, and other obstacles while creating trails and road calming measures. Balancing these constraints is critical, as active transportation infrastructure can aid rural areas’ higher rates of physical inactivity and associated chronic diseases when compared to urban areas.171 Even though rural towns have smaller populations, there is just as great a need to consider Complete Streets approaches for road calming, active transportation opportunities, and community connectedness.  

Active Transportation Plans

To tie all these strategies together, cities and towns should create their own Active Transportation Plans, also known as bicycle & pedestrian master plans. These plans guide local governments as they develop active transportation infrastructure and ensure better transportation options for all users of the road. Having Active Transportation Plans can help communities better qualify for grants, as it shows funders that the cities have engaged with their communities to develop plans that aligns with the communities’ values, goals, and aspirations. The plans dictate new codes which then dictate new development. Chris Wiltsie, 1,000 Miles Program Director at Bike Utah, engages with cities and towns all throughout Utah about developing their own Active Transportation Plans. Wiltsie emphasizes that communities want a built environment that emphasizes “high comfort and high safety.”

Like active transportation plans, communities could implement Walkability Action Institute training. These trainings show community leaders how to analyze their own community to make them more walkable and rollable.172 For example, Nibley City officials participated in a training that resulted in an Active Community Tool to assess their local built environment, planning, and policy supports for active transportation. This action plan helps community leaders know what their specific community needs are and encourages them to not just check the box for being ADA compliant but make their streets truly accessible.

Road Calming  

Either as part of a Complete Streets approach or as standalone solutions for street safety, road calming measures can be an important tool. Some solutions require low cost and low effort, while others might require more public resources and political capital. 

Spotlight on West Jordan’s Active Transportation Plan 

Many people living in West Jordan feel that active transportation facilities are key to a high quality of life and want more trails and bike lanes.173 To meet this need, the City of West Jordan created an Active Transportation Plan. To further their goal of developing Complete Streets, the city looked at the available bicycle and pedestrian facilities. Then, West Jordan mapped all the pedestrian and bike crash sites to create targets for safety-related projects. For example, 7800 South was shown to have the most pedestrian and bike crashes, so the city added buffered bike lanes to increase safety.174 

West Jordan’s project planners used Strava data, which is an app that tracks active transportation, to identify the most used routes throughout the city.
175 This kind of data provides project planners with a baseline of where more confident bikers go and that helps get a good idea of where active transportation networks are needed.176 

Project planners also made an effort to listen to the community by building a project website, conducting community surveys, meeting with bike shops and stakeholders, and hosting booths at three community events. Some of the survey results are as follows:  

About 68% of respondents stated that bicycle and pedestrian facilities were extremely important or very important while only 9% stated that they were not so important or not important.  

About 85% of respondents indicated that they walk and bike for exercise, while 20% stated that they walk or bike to commute to work or school.  

Almost three-fourths of respondents stated that there have been times when they did not walk or bike to their destination in West Jordan because they were uncomfortable with the areas’ active transportation facilities.
177 

West Jordan’s Mayor, Dirk Burton, said at the November 2022 Safe Systems Symposium that he wears a reflective vest when he bikes that says “Mayor” on the back. He is trying to bring attention to how bikeable the city could be, noting that “anytime we re-pave a road we add bike lanes.”
178

Bike Utah and Wasatch Front Regional Council track all the Active Transportation Plans in Utah.
179 For more examples of Active Transportation Plans across the state, see Appendix B. These plans can be used as examples of how to implement active transportation in urban and rural areas alike. Moving forward, cities and towns should consider tracking data on how their Active Transportation Plans impact their communities. This will help community leaders better understand local needs and highlight what is working to improve health and wellness.

No- and Low-Cost Strategies. One low-cost strategy is to program crosswalks to give pedestrians an additional three to seven seconds to start walking across the crosswalk before cars start to move. This can help establish pedestrians’ presence in crosswalks before cars make right or left turns. Research suggests that these leading pedestrian intervals can reduce pedestrian-vehicle crashes at intersections by 13%.180 In addition, the walking indicator could be a default setting instead of requiring pedestrians to press crossing buttons. Default walking indictors could simplify the process for pedestrians and decrease the likelihood of jaywalking.  


Source: Salt Lake City

Another no-cost or even cost-savings strategy is to eliminate painted center lines when repaving neighborhood roads.181 A recent study showed that drivers drove an average of seven miles per hour slower without a center line on the road.182 Engineers behind the study speculated that drivers felt more confident on roads with centerlines, thereby causing them to drive faster.183 Not all roads would be less dangerous without a center lane marking, especially when the roads have higher speed limits and few pedestrians and cyclists. However, removing center lines may be a successful strategy for certain neighborhood streets.  

Reducing speed limits, such as Salt Lake City’s “Twenty is Plenty” initiative, can also increase street safety.184 For example, city and town speed limits could be reduced to 20 miles per hour on non-arterial streets and 25 on arterial streets. Seattle implemented this speed reduction and saw their traffic fatalities decrease by 26%.185 The World Health Organization also recommends setting speed limits in residential areas between 18 and 25 miles per hour.186

Creating variable speed limits to adapt to changes on major roadways such as inclement weather, congestion, crashes, and construction zones, could also increase safety. Studies of variable speed limits on freeways show that they can reduce up to 34% of total crashes, 65% of rear-end crashes, and 51% of fatal and injury crashes.187 Both major in-town arterial streets and rural main-street highways could utilize this strategy.

Mid-Cost Strategies. A mid-cost strategy for safer streets is to add additional midblock crosswalks to areas that are not well served by the existing traffic pattern. Pedestrians often cross streets regardless of whether there are sufficient and safe midblock crosswalks. Planners could study existing and projected pedestrian volumes and patterns to assess where midblock crosswalks would be the most beneficial.188 This would not only reduce jaywalking, but this hard infrastructure could slow down traffic – a safety measure in itself.  

Mid-block crosswalks in strategic locations could provide better and safer access for bikes and pedestrians.
Figure 14: Mid-Block Crosswalk Example from a Redesign of 200 South in Salt Lake City



Source: Salt Lake City

Another mid-cost strategy is increasing street lighting. Adding streetlighting on roads with frequent crashes can reduce crashes involving pedestrians by about 50%.189 Lighting makes intersection features visible to cars, cyclists, and pedestrians. A Las Vegas study set up an automatic pedestrian detection device and a smart lighting system at a site where cars often failed to yield to pedestrians and numerous collisions occurred at night. The study showed that vehicles yielded to pedestrians more often with the additional lighting in place.190 Improved lighting can also help road users feel safer, reduce car crashes, and reduce crime.191 This perceived personal safety by pedestrians and cyclists could increase usage, yielding positive health benefits and ecological ones.

Higher-Cost Strategies. Higher-cost, long-term investments create Complete Streets by narrowing lanes and adding separate bike lanes, on-street parking, park strips with trees and greenery, curb extenders, and similar hard structures. A greater focus on walkable community design should be considered: connected streets, parking behind buildings, and mixed-use, city centers.

For example, lane reductions – or road diets – aim to prioritize all road users rather than simply maximizing a road’s capacity to carry cars.192 This technique removes at least one lane, using that space for other purposes. A common road diet strategy is turning a four-lane road into two lanes with a shared center lane and bike lanes on either side of the road.193 Seattle has implemented this road diet configuration with great results; the number of drivers who sped on the road diet streets decreased by 63% and collisions decreased by 23%.194 There are concerns that this reduces the number of cars that are able to use the roads and increases the time it takes to travel them. However, research suggests this is not the case. Road diets result in only a limited decrease of traffic volume by maintaining efficiency – moving traffic more smoothly through the area.195

Shows how pavement can be used to serve the entire community – and not just cars.
Figure 15: An example of a “Complete Street”
Diagram

Description automatically generated with medium confidence


Source: Salt Lake City

A road in Utah that seems to be an ideal candidate for a road diet is 2100 South between 700 East and 1300 East in Sugar House. This main artery sees 30,000 cars travel on it every day and the bus route carries 1,500 daily riders, but the road does not work for everyone.196 Cars are slowed to almost a stop due to a lack of turn lanes. Cyclists are constantly in danger of being hit. Pedestrians walk on narrow sidewalks where they might be hit by bicycles and vehicles.197 City planners have sought community voices about what they need from this area; those voices are influencing the kind of road calming measures that will be implemented.198 Construction anticipated to begin in the spring of 2024.199

“As speed intensifies, so should the hard infrastructure.”
–Chris Wiltsie, Bike Utah

Another long-term investment is adding roundabouts to replace two-way stop intersections that have frequent crashes. Research shows that converting two-way stop intersections into roundabouts reduces fatal crashes and injury crashes by 82%.200 Additionally, even though roundabouts do require more land than a traditional intersection, they can move 30% to 50% more traffic per lane.201 Finally, roundabouts reduce air pollution since fewer cars need to stop and idle before accelerating.202 However, roundabouts can be trickier for pedestrians and especially pedestrians with disabilities to navigate. Research shows that decreasing the speed limit around a roundabout increases safety for cyclists.203 Single lane roundabouts with a high central island and/or a sperate bike lane are the safest roundabouts for cyclists.204 Cities and towns need to carefully consider how they can accommodate safe crossings with pedestrian signage and traffic calming measures.


Roundabout in Salt Lake City

Economic Benefits of Active Transportation 

Community leaders cannot always garner required political support implementing policies that increase wellness and safety – there are tradeoffs in every political decision. Policy solutions need to be justified by how they are funded and how they may impact the economy.

In Utah, cycling creates an estimated statewide economic impact of $304 million and creates around 2,000 jobs.205 Building and maintaining trails play a role in this. For example, the Murdock Canal Trail in Utah County costs $113,000 annually to maintain and contributes over $3.6 million in economic impact.206 Additionally, the Murdock Canal Trail created 234 construction jobs and an initial $26 million went into the local economy when building the trail.207


Tour of Utah Stage Two. Credit: Tony Webster under license (CC BY-SA 2.0)

Over $61 million is spent on bike tourism each year in Utah.208 However, bike tourism and active transportation do not just impact the economy at large, but also positively affect the real estate market. Research shows that most residents perceive hiking and biking trails as a positive amenity.209 Home values are therefore shown to benefit when in close proximity to trails.210 In addition, studies show increased market values for office spaces, retail space, and apartments when there is greater walkability in the surrounding area.211

Car dependency encourages suburban malls and urban spread. This type of development can disincentivize small business ownership and is less economically productive as more space is used to move and store cars.212 In contrast, walkable urban networks may encourage the growth of small local shops, markets, small businesses, and start-up opportunities. Investments in walking environments can attract new businesses and events.213 In Portland, pedestrian activity increased outside retail stores located along a new streetcar line by 1,000-fold, helping increase the economic value and economic activity in the area.214 While the streetcar S-line in Salt Lake City is far from its full potential, it has spurred development along the route, in addition to creating an urban trail. The light-rail line connects the center of the valley to the east bench – which is miles away.215 

Wisconsin researchers studied the effects of Dane County government adding sidewalks to all of its roads. This led to a reduction in motor vehicle miles driven by over one mile per person per day.216 By dividing the total health and air pollution benefits by the total construction costs, researchers found a benefit-to-cost ratio of nearly two-to-one over a ten-year period.217 This shows that creating safe, walkable neighborhoods could generate enough economic benefit to make the economic costs justifiable.  

Creating hard infrastructure and active transportation amenities requires tax dollars. As with the other zoning measures described above, designing communities with middle housing – or housing that is designed in between single-family housing and large apartment complexes such as duplexes and townhouses – can generate more tax revenue than single family homes.218 Studies show that housing in walkable developments that are not single-family homes generate 10-times more tax revenue per acre than a typical suburban development.219 This means that the cost of making communities safer and more walkable can be paid for more quickly with alternative development.  

Cities and towns can create Health-in-All-Policies taskforces or committees to help analyze which of these policies make fiscal sense for their community and will be worthwhile. How much a government encourages or mandates a public health discussion is a conversation that each community should have.

Acknowledgement to Community Leaders

This topic is big. Thank you to all the community leaders who made it through this report and who are focusing on this difficult and important work. Also, thank you for considering health in all of your policies. These policies can better our communities, improve our health, and save lives.

Appendix A

Population within a ten-minute walk of a park in towns smaller than 30,000.
Figure A: Park Score – Percentage of Utahns within a Ten-Minute Walk of a Park, 2022

Note: The average Park Score for the cities analyzed that have a population of less than 30,000 is 54.4%.
Source: The Trust for Public Land.

* Elk Ridge, Mapleton, Payson, Salem, Santaquin, Spanish Fork, Springville, & Woodland Hills

Appendix B

Active transportation plans are spread around the state.
Figure B: Cities and Towns in Utah with an Active Transportation Plan, by County in 2023 (Hyperlinked for convienance)

Box Elder County

Summit County

South Eastern Box Elder County Active Transportation Plan

Park City Trails Master Plan

Cache County

Tooele County

Cache County Trails & Active Transportation Master Plan

Tooele County Active Transportation Implementation Plan

Logan Bicycle & Pedestrian Master Plan

Utah County

Davis County

American Fork Bicycle & Pedestrian Master Plan

Farmington Active Transportation Plan

Eagle Mountain Bicycle & Pedestrian Master Plan

Kaysville Active Transportation Plan

Lehi Bicycle & Pedestrian Master Plan

South Davis Active Transportation Plan

Lindon Bicycle & Pedestrian Master Plan

Duchesne County

Pleasant Grove Bicycle & Pedestrian Master Plan

Duchesne County Trails Master Plan

Orem Bicycle and Pedestrian Plan

Grand County

Provo Bicycle Master Plan

Grand County Non-Motorized Trails Master Plan

Saratoga Springs Bicycle and Pedestrian Master Plan

Rich County

South Utah County Transportation Plan*

Rich County Trails Plan

Wasatch County

Salt Lake County

Wasatch County regional Trails Master Plan

Bluffdale Transportation Plan

Washington County

Salt Lake County Active Transportation Implementation Plan

Dixie MPO Regional Active Transportation Plan

Cottonwood Heights Bicycle and Trails Master Plan

Ivins Bike Plan Map

Riverton Active Transportation Plan

Hurricane Master Transportation Plan

Salt Lake City Pedestrian & Bicycle Master Plan

St. George Active Transportation Plan

Sandy/ Draper Active Transportation Plan

Washington City Active Transportation Plan

South Salt Lake- Strategic Mobility Plan

Weber County

University of Utah Bicycle Master Plan

Farr West Bicycle Master Plan

West Jordan/ South Jordan Active Transportation Plan

Ogden Bicycle Master Plan

West Valley City Active Transportation Plan

South Weber City General Plan Section 5: Active Transportation

Riverdale City Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation Plan

Tri-City Active Transportation Plan


1 Change Lab Solutions, “Health in All Policies,” https://www.changelabsolutions.org/health-all-policies.

3 Ibid.

4 U.S. Department of Energy, “Active Transportation and Micromobility,” https://afdc.energy.gov/conserve/active_transportation.html.

5 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Adult Physical Inactivity Prevalence Maps,” 2022, https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/data/inactivity-prevalence-maps/index.html.

6 Environmental Public Health Tracking, “Complete Health Indicator Report of Physical Activity: Recommended Aerobic Activity Among Adults,” 2022, https://epht.health.utah.gov/epht-view/indicator/complete_profile/PhysAct.html; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Child & Teen BMI Calculator,” 2022, https://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/bmi/calculator.html.

8 Utah Department of Health, Utah State Health Assessment, 2016, https://ibis.health.utah.gov/ibisph-view/pdf/opha/publication/SHAReport2016.pdf, p. 73.

9 Utah Department of Health, “Utah Health Status Update,” December 2021, https://ibis.health.utah.gov/ibisph-view/pdf/opha/publication/hsu/2021/12_RacEthDisparities.pdf, p. 7.

10 Utah Department of Health & Human Services, “Complete Health Indicator Report of Obesity Among Adults,” 2022, https://ibis.health.utah.gov/ibisph-view/indicator/complete_profile/Obe.html.

11 Utah Department of Health & Human Services, “Complete PHOM Indicator Profile Report of Obesity Among Children and Adolescents,” 2021, https://ibis.health.utah.gov/ibisph-view/report/phom/complete/OvrwtChild.html. Their body mass index is over the 95th percentile for weight by sex and age based on CDC growth charts for youth age two to nineteen.

12 Utah Department of Health & Human Services, “Complete Health Indicator Report of Physical Activity Among Adolescents,” 2022, https://ibis.health.utah.gov/ibisph-view/indicator/complete_profile/PhysActAdol.html.

13 County Health Rankings & Roadmaps, “Utah: Data by County,” 2023, https://www.countyhealthrankings.org/explore-health-rankings/utah. This is measured as “Percentage of population with adequate access to locations for physical activity.”

14 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “What’s Your Role? Parks, Recreation and Green Spaces,” 2022, https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/activepeoplehealthynation/everyone-can-be-involved/parks-recreation-and-green-spaces.html.

15 Urban Design 4 Health, Inc, “Economic Impacts of Active Transportation: Utah Active Transportation Benefits Study,” prepared for Utah Transit Authority, March 31, 2017, p.6, https://heal.health.utah.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/utah_active_transportation_benefits_study_-_final_report.pdf.

16 Urban Design 4 Health, Inc, p.2.

17 Stokes, R, MacDonald, J, Ridgeway, G, “Estimating the Effects of Light Rail Transit on Health Care Costs.” Health Place. Vol. 14, No. 1, p.45-58, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17543570/.

18 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Social Connectedness: NCCDPHP’s Program Successes,” 2023, https://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/healthequity/sdoh-and-chronic-disease/nccdphp-and-social-determinants-of-health/social-connectedness.htm.

19 House, J, et al., “Social Relationships and Health,” Science, Vol. 241, No. 4865, 1988, p. 540-545, https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.3399889.

20 Stutzer, A, & Frey, B, “Stress that Doesn’t Pay: The Commuting Paradox,” Wiley Online Library, Vol. 110, No.2, 2008, p. 339-366, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9442.2008.00542.x.

21 Ibid.

22 Sinnett, D, Williams, K, Chatterjee, K, & Cavill, N, “Making the case for Investment in the Walking Environment: A Review of the Evidence,” UWE Bristol, 2011, https://uwe-repository.worktribe.com/output/971643.

23 Ibid.

25 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Suicide Mortality by State,” 2021, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/sosmap/suicide-mortality/suicide.htm.

26 Utah Department of Health & Human Services, “Complete Health Indicator Report of Suicide,” 2023, https://ibis.health.utah.gov/ibisph-view/indicator/complete_profile/SuicDth.html.

27 Ibid.

28 Stanford Medicine, “Connectedness & Health: The Science of Social Connection,” 2014, http://ccare.stanford.edu/uncategorized/connectedness-health-the-science-of-social-connection-infographic/.

29 Ibid.

30 Sinnett, D, Williams, K, Chatterjee, K, & Cavill, N, “Making the Case for Investment in the Walking Environment: A Review of the Evidence,” UWE Bristol, 2011, https://uwe-repository.worktribe.com/output/971643.

31 Utah State University, “Utah Wellbeing Project,” 2022, https://www.usu.edu/utah-wellbeing-project/reports/2022/statewide_report_2022.

32 Ibid.

33 Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, “What is Health Equity?” 2017, https://www.rwjf.org/en/insights/our-research/2017/05/what-is-health-equity-.html.

34 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, “Health Equity in Healthy People 2030,” https://health.gov/healthypeople/priority-areas/health-equity-healthy-people-2030.

35 Ibid.

36 Ibid.

37 Ibid.

38 Ibid.

39 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, “Health Indicator Report of Life Expectancy at Birth,” 2022, https://ibis.health.utah.gov/ibisph-view/indicator/view/LifeExpect.SA.html.

40 Ibid.

41 Ibid.

42 Utah Department of Health, “Utah Health Status by Race and Ethnicity,” November 2021, https://healthequity.utah.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021HealthStatusbyRaceEthnicity.pdf.

43 Ibid.

44 United States Census Bureau, “How the Census Bureau Measures Poverty,” 2023, https://www.census.gov/topics/income-poverty/poverty/guidance/poverty-measures.html.

45 Rural Health Information Hub, “Utah Nonmetro Population,” 2021, https://www.ruralhealthinfo.org/states/utah.

46 Utah Department of Health and Human Services, “Public Health Indicator Based Information System (IBIS),” 2021, https://ibis.health.utah.gov/ibisph-view/indicator/view/Pov.Race.html.

47 National Health Council, “Limited Access: Poverty and Barriers to Accessible Health Care,” 2023, https://nationalhealthcouncil.org/blog/limited-access-poverty-and-barriers-to-accessible-health-care/.

48 Utah Department of Health, “Utah Health Status by Race and Ethnicity,” November 2021, https://healthequity.utah.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021HealthStatusbyRaceEthnicity.pdf.

49 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Adult Physical Inactivity Prevalence Maps by Race/Ethnicity,” https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/data/inactivity-prevalence-maps/index.html.

50 United States Environmental Protection Agency, “Basic Information about the Built Environment,” 2023, https://www.epa.gov/smm/basic-information-about-built-environment.

51 Zero Fatalities, “Up-to-Date Fatality and Serious Injury Data,” 2023, https://zerofatalities.com/statistics/.

52 Ibid

53 United States Department of Transportation, “Pedestrian Safety,” https://www.nhtsa.gov/road-safety/pedestrian-safety.

54 Romero, Simon, “Pedestrian Deaths Spike in U.S. as Reckless Driving Surges,” The New York Times, February 2022, https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/14/us/pedestrian-deaths-pandemic.html.

55 Ibid.

56 Bracera, C., & Rapich, M., “Transportation Interim Committee,” October 2022, https://le.utah.gov/interim/2022/pdf/00004137.pdf.

58 Utah Courts, “Utah Courts Caseload,” 2000-2022,https://legacy.utcourts.gov/stats/.

60 Utah Foundation, “To Protect and Serve: Meeting Law Enforcement Recruitment and Retention Challenges in Utah,” November 2022, https://www.utahfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/rr807.pdf.

61 Ibid.

62 Kirkpatrick, D., et al, “Why Many Police Traffic Stops Turn Deadly,” The New York Times, October 31, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/31/us/police-traffic-stops-killings.html.

63 AitBihiOuali, L, Klingen, J, “Inclusive Roads in NYC: Gender Differences in Responses to Cycling Infrastructure,” Cities, Vol. 127, 2022, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264275122001585?via%3Dihub.

64 Get Healthy Utah, “Get Healthy Utah,” https://gethealthyutah.org/.; Information from Get Healthy Utah Director. Results of these studies will soon be published.

65 National Park Service, Improving Public Health through Public Parks and Trails: Eight Common Measures, 2017, https://npgallery.nps.gov/RTCA/GetAsset/f09e69fc-2696-45e8-b4d5-90e4cea5e689.

66 Ibid.

67 Ibid.

68 Guiding Our Growth PowerPoint presentation, 2023. Also see https://guidingourgrowth.utah.gov/.

69 The Utah Foundation, “2022 Quality of Life Series,” 2022, https://www.utahfoundation.org/quality-of-life-series/.

70 National Park Service, “Improving Public Health through Public Parks and Trails: Eight Common Measures,” 2017, https://npgallery.nps.gov/RTCA/GetAsset/f09e69fc-2696-45e8-b4d5-90e4cea5e689.

71 The Trust for Public Land, “From Fitness Zones to the Medical Mile: How Urban Park Systems Can Best Promote Health and Wellness,” 2011, http://cloud.tpl.org/pubs/ccpe-health-promoting-parks-rpt.pdf. Note: See Appendix A for Utah communities with populations under 30,000.

72 The Trust for Public Land, “10-Minute Walk,” https://10minutewalk.org/.

73 Note: Riverton City was analyzed by Park Score, but their analysis missed 32 of their 33 parks; they are not included in this figure.

74 The Trust for Public Land, “From Fitness Zones to the Medical Mile: How Urban Park Systems Can Best Promote Health and Wellness,” 2011, http://cloud.tpl.org/pubs/ccpe-health-promoting-parks-rpt.pdf.

75 The Trust for Public Land, “From Fitness Zones to the Medical Mile: How Urban Park Systems Can Best Promote Health and Wellness,” 2011, http://cloud.tpl.org/pubs/ccpe-health-promoting-parks-rpt.pdf; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “What’s Your Role? Parks, Recreation and Green Spaces,” 2022, https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/activepeoplehealthynation/everyone-can-be-involved/parks-recreation-and-green-spaces.html.

76 Miller, et al., “Are Low Income Children More Physically Active when they Live in Homes with Bigger Yards? A Longitudinal Analysis of the NET-Works Study,” Health & Place, Vol. 63, May 2020, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1353829219313292.

77 Ibid.

78 Heart and Mind Strategies, “Utah Health Priorities Research: Prepared for and in Conjunction with Envision Utah,” March 2017, https://gethealthyutah.org/images/pdfs-docs/Get-Healthy-Utah-Health-Values-Study-Retreat-Presentation.pdf.

79 Keunhyun, P., Christensen, K., & Lee, D., “Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in Behavior Mapping: A Case Study of Neighborhood Parks,” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, Vol. 52, No. 126693, 2020, https://keunhyunpark.files.wordpress.com/2020/05/park-et-al.2020unmanned-aerial-vehicles-uavs-in-behavior-mapping-a-case-study-of-neighborhood-parks.pdf.

80 Ibid.

81 Ibid.

82 Ibid.

83 Keunhyun Park, “If You Build it They May Not Come” TEDxUSU presentation, 2021 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SBkgi7fwHBA&t=2s.

84 Keunhyun, P., Christensen, K., & Lee, D., “Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in Behavior Mapping: A Case Study of Neighborhood Parks,” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, Vol. 52, No. 126693, 2020, https://keunhyunpark.files.wordpress.com/2020/05/park-et-al.2020unmanned-aerial-vehicles-uavs-in-behavior-mapping-a-case-study-of-neighborhood-parks.pdf.

85 Ibid.

86 Keunhyun Park, “If You Build it They May Not Come” TEDxUSU presentation, 2021 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SBkgi7fwHBA&t=2s.

87 Keunhyun, P., Christensen, K., & Lee, D., “Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in Behavior Mapping: A Case Study of Neighborhood Parks,” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, Vol. 52, No. 126693, 2020, https://keunhyunpark.files.wordpress.com/2020/05/park-et-al.2020unmanned-aerial-vehicles-uavs-in-behavior-mapping-a-case-study-of-neighborhood-parks.pdf.

89 The Utah Foundation, “2022 Quality of Life Series,” 2022, https://www.utahfoundation.org/quality-of-life-series/.

90 Ibid.

91 Utah State University, “Utah Wellbeing Project,” https://www.usu.edu/utah-wellbeing-project/resources/index; The 10 factors are: connection with nature, cultural opportunities, education, leisure time, living standards, local environmental quality, mental health, physical health, safety & security, and social connections.

92 Ibid.

94 Trust for Public Lands, “Community Schoolyards Projects: A Game-Changing Solution to America’s Park Equity Problem,” August 2021, https://www.tpl.org/community-schoolyards-report-2021.

95 Ibid.

96 Ibid.

97 Ibid.

98 California Healthy Places Index, “Park Access,” https://policies.healthyplacesindex.org/neighborhood/park-access/policies.

99 Sandy City is a supporter of the Utah Foundation and Mayor Monica Zoltanski is on the Utah Foundation Board of Trustees.

100 Sandy City, “Sandy City Community Events,” https://sandy.utah.gov/1170/Community-Events.

101 County Health Rankings & Roadmaps, “Zoning Regulation and Land Use Policy Reforms,” October 2022, https://www.countyhealthrankings.org/take-action-to-improve-health/what-works-for-health/strategies/zoning-regulation-and-land-use-policy-reforms.

102 Rosenbloom, J., “Reducing Racial Bias Embedded in Land Use Codes,” SSRN, 2020, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3728927.

103 Kem C. Gardner Policy Institute, “The State of the State’s Housing Market,” October 2021, https://gardner.utah.edu/wp-content/uploads/StateOfState-Oct2021.pdf?x71849.

104 Salt Lake City, “Downtown Building Height and Street Activation Updates,” May 2022, https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/2afa66ba9d684dacb480edec55f86dd1.

105 County Health Rankings & Roadmaps, “Zoning Regulation and Land Use Policy Reforms,” October 2022, https://www.countyhealthrankings.org/take-action-to-improve-health/what-works-for-health/strategies/zoning-regulation-and-land-use-policy-reforms.

106 The Utah Foundation, “Is the Middle Missing? A Guide to Expanding Options for Utah Homebuyers and Renters,” https://www.utahfoundation.org/middle-housing/.

107 Center for Housing Policy, “The Impacts of Affordable Housing on Health: A Research Summary,” April 2015, https://nhc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/The-Impacts-of-Affordable-Housing-on-Health-A-Research-Summary.pdf.

108 The Utah Foundation, “Is the Middle Missing? A Guide to Expanding Options for Utah Homebuyers and Renters,” https://www.utahfoundation.org/middle-housing/.

109 Salt Lake City Planning Division, Affordable Housing Incentives, April 2022, http://www.slcdocs.com/Planning/Projects/Affordable%20Housing%20Overlay/affordable_housing_12_28_21.pdf.

110 County Health Rankings & Roadmaps, “Zoning Regulation and Land Use Policy Reforms,” October 2022, https://www.countyhealthrankings.org/take-action-to-improve-health/what-works-for-health/strategies/zoning-regulation-and-land-use-policy-reforms.

111 Garde, A, “Zoning Reform for Advancing Sustainability: Insight from Denver’s Form-Based Code,” Journal of Urban Design, Vol. 22, No. 6, July 2017, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13574809.2017.1337495

112 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Resources,” January 2023, https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/community-strategies/resources.html.

113 County Health Rankings & Roadmaps, “Mixed-Use Development,” February 2023, https://www.countyhealthrankings.org/take-action-to-improve-health/what-works-for-health/strategies/mixed-use-development.

114 Ibid.

115 Freeman, L., “Build Race Equity into Rezoning Decisions,” Brookings, July 2021, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/how-we-rise/2021/07/13/build-race-equity-into-rezoning-decisions/.

116 United States Census Bureau, “Selected Economic Characteristics,” 2021, https://data.census.gov/table?q=DP03&g=0400000US49&tid=ACSDP1Y2021.DP03.

117 Urban Design 4 Health, Inc., “Literature Review: Environmental, Health, & Economic Benefits of Active Transportation,” prepared for Utah Transit Authority, January 2017, https://heal.health.utah.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/utah_active_transportation_benefits_study_-_literature_review.pdf.

118 Urban Design 4 Health, Inc, “Best Practices in Promoting Active Transportation for Commuting, prepared for Utah Transit Authority,” January 2017, https://heal.health.utah.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/utah_active_transportation_benefits_study_ _best_practices.pdf.

119 United States Census Bureau, “Age and Sex,” 2021, https://data.census.gov/table?q=utah+population+by+age+&tid=ACSST1Y2021.S0101.

120 Pivo, G., & Fisher, J., “The Walkability Premium in Commercial Real Estate Investments,” Real Estate Economics, Vol. 39, No. 2, March 2011, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-6229.2010.00296.x.

121 Heart and Mind Strategies, “Utah Health Priorities Research: Prepared for and in conjunction with Envision Utah,” March 2017, https://gethealthyutah.org/images/pdfs-docs/Get-Healthy-Utah-Health-Values-Study-Retreat-Presentation.pdf.

122 The League of American Bicyclists, “New State in the Top Spot of our Bicycle Friendly States Rankings,” 2022, https://bikeleague.org/new-2022-bicycle-friendly-states-rankings-massachusetts/.

123 Ibid.

124 Bike Utah, “1,000 Miles Campaign,” https://www.bikeutah.org/1000miles.

125 Ibid.

126 Utah Governor, “Gov. Cox Announces Vision for State Trail Network,” October 2022, .https://governor.utah.gov/2022/11/03/gov-cox-announces-vision-for-state-trail-network/.

127 Ibid.

128 Utah State Legislature, “S.B. 185 Transportation Amendments,” 2023, https://le.utah.gov/~2023/bills/static/SB0185.html.

129 Utah Governor, “Gov. Cox Announces Vision for State Trail Network,” October 2022, .https://governor.utah.gov/2022/11/03/gov-cox-announces-vision-for-state-trail-network/.

130 Traumatic Brain Injury, “Traffic Gardens in Washington! A Tool Kit for Permanent and Pop Up Traffic Gardens,” April 2022, https://www.seattle.gov/documents/Departments/SDOT/SRTS/SRTS_TrafficGardenToolkit.pdf.

131 Utah Department of Public Safety, “Bicycle Skills Rodeo Program Information,” https://highwaysafety.utah.gov/pedestrian-and-bicycle-safety/bicycle-safety/bicycle-rodeo-program/.

132 Bike Utah, “BEST Program,” https://www.bikeutah.org/youth.

133 Hollenhorst, J., “5 Years Later, Still No Fix for ‘Murdock’ Canal,” KSL, July 2009, https://www.ksl.com/article/7188054; Nardi, E., “Deaths of Brother Raise Concern over Canal’s Safety,” Daily Herald, October 2003, https://www.heraldextra.com/news/2003/oct/07/deaths-of-brothers-raise-concern-over-canals-safety/; Van Valkenburg, N., “Canal Break Forces Cleanups in Lindon and Pleasant Grove,” Desert News, May 1988, https://www.deseret.com/1988/5/23/18766757/canal-break-forces-cleanups-in-lindon-and-pleasant-grove.

134 Trail Link, “Murdock Canal Trail,” https://www.traillink.com/trail/murdock-canal-trail/.

135 Cycling Utah, “Utah Valley Cyclist Bruce Gladwin Commutes on the Murdock Canal Trail,” May 2018, https://www.cyclingutah.com/commuting/utah-valley-cyclist-bruce-gladwin-commutes-murdock-canal-trail/.

136 Ibid.

140 Utah State Legislature, “S.B. 104 Vulnerable Users of Highways Amendments,” 2013, https://le.utah.gov/~2013/bills/static/sb0104.html.

142 Ralph, K, et al., “Can a racial justice frame help overcome opposition to automated traffic enforcement?” Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, Vol. 14, No. 100594, June 2022, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590198222000562.

143 Ibid.

145 A New York Times Investigation found over the past five years, law enforcement officers have killed more than 400 drivers or passengers who were neither under pursuit for a violent crime nor were not wielding a knife or gun. This was at a rate of more than one person killed per week. When compared to the population size, Black people were overrepresented in those deaths (https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/31/us/police-traffic-stops-killings.html, 2021). 

146 The New York State Senate, “Assembly Bill A10446,” 2022, https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2021/A10446.

147 Zipper, D, “Picture a Better Way to Protect Bus Lanes,” Bloomberg, 2022, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-01-10/bus-lane-blocked-enforcement-cameras-can-fight-back.

148 Ibid.

151 Utah State Legislature, “H.B. 336 Distracted Driving Amendments,” 2023, https://le.utah.gov/~2023/bills/static/HB0336.html.

153 U.S. Department of Transportation, “Overview of Motor Vehicle Crashes in 2020,” March 2022, https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813266.

154 Building Salt Lake, “After a Wave of Traffic Violence, Salt Lake City Commits to Vision Zero,” January 2023, https://buildingsaltlake.com/after-a-wave-of-traffic-violence-salt-lake-city-commits-to-vision-zero/.

155 Vision Zero Network, “A Primer on Vision Zero,” https://visionzeronetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/What-is-VZ_FINAL.pdf.

156 Smart Growth, “Complete Streets,” https://smartgrowthamerica.org/what-are-complete-streets/.

157 Smart Growth, “Complete Streets,” https://smartgrowthamerica.org/what-are-complete-streets/.

159 Ibid.

160 Smart Growth America, “Complete Streets Policy Adoption,” April 2023, https://smartgrowthamerica.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/web-excel-02102023-updated-040623.xlsx-BaseData.pdf

161 Salt Lake City, “Chapter 14.06 Accommodation of Bicyclists and Pedestrians at all City Owned Transportation Facilities in the Public right of Way,” 2007, https://www.slc.gov/transportation/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2019/08/Complete-Streets-Ordinance.pdf.

163 Smart Growth America, “How to Explore the Benefits of your Complete Streets Projects,” 2023, https://smartgrowtham.wpengine.com/how-it-works/.

164 Ibid.

165 U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, “Small Town and Rural Multimodel Networks,” December 2016, https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bicycle_pedestrian/publications/small_towns/fhwahep17024_lg.pdf.

166 The Utah Foundation, “2022 Quality of Life Series,” 2022, https://www.utahfoundation.org/quality-of-life-series/.

167 Ibid.

168 The Utah Foundation, “Is a Booming Economy Making Life Better?” June 2022, https://www.utahfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/rr802.pdf.

169 Bluff, “Active Transportation Advisory Committee,” https://www.townofbluff.org/town-boards-and-committees/.

171 U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, “Small Town and Rural Multimodel Networks,” December 2016, https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bicycle_pedestrian/publications/small_towns/fhwahep17024_lg.pdf.

172 Healthy Places by Design, “Walkability Action Institute and Walkability Virtual Academy,” https://healthyplacesbydesign.org/project/walkability-action-institute-and-walkability-virtual-academy/.

173 West Jordan, “Active Transportation Plan,” 2019, https://www.utah.gov/pmn/files/626567.pdf.

174 Ibid.

175 Ibid.

176 Ibid; STRAVA users did have to opt-in to this data sharing, so the data set is limited.

177 Ibid.

178 West Jordan City is a supporter of the Utah Foundation and Mayor Dirk Burton is on the Utah Foundation Board of Trustees.

179 Bike Utah, “Utah Active Transportation Plans,” https://www.bikeutah.org/atplans; Wasatch Front Regional Council, “Regional Active Transportation Plan Progress,” 2023, https://wfrc.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=1491ec0512aa43f88d27eff4bc9c71e0.

180 U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, “FHWA Highway Safety Programs,” https://highways.dot.gov/safety/proven-safety-countermeasures/leading-pedestrian-interval.

181 Streets Blog USA, “Jeff Speck: For a Walkable City, Remove Centerlines on Local Streets,” October 2018, https://usa.streetsblog.org/2018/10/15/jeff-speck-for-a-walkable-city-remove-centerlines-on-local-streets/.

182 Ibid.

183 Ibid.

184 Sweet Streets, “Campaigns,” https://sweetstreetsslc.org/sweet-streets-campaigns.

185 U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, “FHWA Highway Safety Programs,” https://highways.dot.gov/safety/proven-safety-countermeasures/leading-pedestrian-interval.

186 World Health Organization, “Pedestrian Safety,” 2013, https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/79753/9789241505352_eng.pdf

187 U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, “Variable Speed Limits,” 2021, https://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/provencountermeasures/variable-speed-limits.cfm.

188 National Association of City Transportation Officials, “Urban Street Design Guide,” https://nacto.org/publication/urban-street-design-guide/intersection-design-elements/crosswalks-and-crossings/midblock-crosswalks/.

189 Road Safety Toolkit, “Street Lighting,” https://toolkit.irap.org/safer-road-treatments/street-lighting/.

190 Nambisan, S., & Pulugurtha, S., “Effectiveness of Automatic Pedestrian Detection Device and Smart Lighting for Pedestrian Safety,” Sage Journals, Vol. 2140, No. 1, January 2009, https://journals-sagepub-com.ezproxy.cul.columbia.edu/doi/abs/10.3141/2140-03.

191 Road Safety Toolkit, “Street Lighting,” https://toolkit.irap.org/safer-road-treatments/street-lighting/.

193 Kinder Institute for Urban Research, “What are ‘Road Diets’ and why are they Controversial?” https://kinder.rice.edu/urbanedge/what-are-road-diets-and-why-are-they-controversial.

194 U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, “Appropriate Speed Limits for All Road Users,” https://highways.dot.gov/safety/proven-safety-countermeasures/appropriate-speed-limits-all-road-users.

195 Ibid.

197 Sweet Streets, “It’s Time to Create a Main Street for Sugar House,” December 2022, https://sweetstreetsslc.org/news/its-time-to-create-a-main-street-for-sugar-house.

199 Ibid.

200 U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, “Roundabouts,” https://highways.dot.gov/safety/proven-safety-countermeasures/roundabouts.

201 Ibid.

202 Ibid.

203 Akgun, N. et al., “Cyclist Casualty Severity at Roundabouts – To What Extent do the Geometric Characteristics of Roundabouts Play a Part?” Journal of Safety Research, Vol. 67, December 2018, https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.cul.columbia.edu/science/article/pii/S0022437518300173.

204 Jensen, S., “Safe Roundabouts for Cyclists,” Accident Analysis & Prevention, Vol. 105, August 2017, https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.cul.columbia.edu/science/article/pii/S0001457516303359

205 Urban Design 4 Health, Inc, “Economic Impacts of Active Transportation: Utah Active Transportation Benefits Study,” prepared for Utah Transit Authority, March 31, 2017, https://heal.health.utah.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/utah_active_transportation_benefits_study_-_final_report.pdf.

206 Ibid

207 Ibid.

208 Ibid.

209 Ibid

210 Urban Design 4 Health, Inc, “Economic Impacts of Active Transportation: Utah Active Transportation Benefits Study,” prepared for Utah Transit Authority, March 31, 2017, https://heal.health.utah.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/utah_active_transportation_benefits_study_-_final_report.pdf.

211 Pivo, G. & Fisher, J., “The Walkability Premium in Commercial Real Estate Investments,” Real Estate Economics, Vol. 39, No. 2, March 2011, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-6229.2010.00296.x.

213 Sinnett, D, Williams, K, Chatterjee, K, & Cavill, N, “Making the Case for Investment in the Walking Environment: A Review of the Evidence,” UWE Bristol, 2011, https://uwe-repository.worktribe.com/output/971643.

214 Smart Cities Dive, “Why We Need Walkable Places and How Cities Can Use Them to Increase Tax Revenue,” https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/walkable-city-book-report/1033896/.

215 Utah’s Unified Transportation Plan, “S-Line Streetcar,” https://unifiedplan.org/benefits-of-the-unified-plan/s-line-streetcar/.

216 Guo, J. & Gandavarapu, S., “An Economic Evaluation of Health-Promotive Built Environment Changes,” Preventive Medicine, Vol. 50, January 2010, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0091743509004769?via%3Dihub.

217 Ibid.

218 The Utah Foundation, “Is the Middle Missing? A Guide to Expanding Options for Utah Homebuyers and Renters,” https://www.utahfoundation.org/middle-housing/.

219 Smart Growth America, “Building Better Budgets,” May 2013, https://smartgrowthamerica.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/building-better-budgets.pdf

–Healthy Communities–

Advancing Wellness & Safety

Special thanks to the following for providing project-based support:

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Jonathan Campbell

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Alexandra Eaton

Michael Gregory

Andrew Gruber

Julie Hatchett

Catherine Kanter

Richard Lambert

Dustin Matsumori

Stan Rosenzweig



Charles Anderson

Nathan Anderson

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Clint Betts

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Rich Nye

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LaVarr Webb

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Research Report 810

Utah Foundation Project Staff

Ashley Marshall, Research Analyst

Alex Smith, Research Intern

About the Utah Foundation

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